わたしの趣味は V-dictionary form こと です
My interest is...... Using the V-dictionary form こと enables the interest to be described more specifically than just using a noun.
わたしの趣味は N です
My interest is......
なかなか
When なかなか is followed by a negative expression, it means ‘not easily’ or ‘not as expected’. [Note] Example sentence takes にほんでは as its topic. When a noun with で attached is taken as the topic in this way, it becomes では.
V ない-form なくても いいです
Need not do…… This sentence pattern is used when saying that it is not necessary to do something.
V ない-form ないで ください
Please don’t do…… This sentence pattern is used to ask or tell someone not to do something. It can also be used to show consideration to someone by telling them they don’t have to do something.
V ない-form
The form of a verb that attaches to ない (e.g. かか in かかない) is called its ない-form. The method by which the ない-form is created from the ます-form depends on the group to which the verb belongs, as explained below. 1) Group I Verbs The final sound of the ます-form of verbs in this group is always from the い-column, and this is changed to the corresponding syllable from the あ-column to make the ない-form. However, with verbs where the final sound is the vowel い (e.g. かいます and あいます), this changes not to あ but to わ. かきーます → かかーない いそぎーます → いそがーない よみーます → よまーない あそびーます → あそばーない とりーます → とらーない まちーます → またーない すいーます → すわーない はなしーます → はなさーない 2) Group II Verbs The ない-form of verbs in this group is the same as their ます-form. たべーます → たべーない みーます → みーない 3) Group III Verbs べんきょうします → べんきょうしーない します → しーない きーます → こーない
V-dictionary form こと ができます
Can do...... In the case of a verb When a verb is used to describe an ability or possibility, こと is attached to the verb’s dictionary form to make it a noun phrase, which is then followed by ができます.
V₁-dictionary form まえに、V₂
......before...... This sentence pattern shows that V₂ occurs before V₁. Note that V₁ always takes the dictionary form whether the tense of the sentence (i.e. the tense of V₂) is past or non-past.
N の まえに、V
......before...... Noun の is added after the noun. Nouns expressing motion can be used.
Nができます
Can do...... できます is a verb that indicates that a person has the ability to do something or that some behavior is possible as a result of the situation. The object of できます is marked by が, and the ability or what is possible is expressed in the form of either a noun or the dictionary form of a verb with こと added to it. In the case of a noun Nouns indicating motion, such as（うんてん、かいもの、スキー and ダンス）can be used, as can nouns representing an ability, such as にほんご or ピアノ.
Making an object the topic of a sentence
When making a noun in the expression N を V (i.e. a noun that is the direct object of a verb) into the topic of a sentence, the noun is placed at the beginning of the sentence and the particle を is replaced by the particle は. ここに荷物を置かないでください。 Don’t put your bags here, please. 荷物をはここに置かないでください。 荷物はここに置かないでください。 Don’t put your bags here, please. 会社の食堂で昼ごはんを食べます I have lunch in the company cafeteria. 昼ごはんをは会社の食堂で食べます。 昼ごはんは会社の食堂で食べます。 I have lunch in the company cafeteria.
ぜひ
ぜひ is used by speakers to intensify their expressions of hope.
V ない-form なければ なりません
Must do…… This sentence pattern is used to say that something must be done. Note that it is not in the negative.