Meanings

planisphere

constellation (in ancient China; important constellations were then used to divide the ecliptic into 28 "mansions")

celestial body seen only for a short time (e.g. comet)

Cepheid variable

planetary science

Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)

asterism

main sequence star

to lose

planetary system

star seen on a rainy night

the Big Dipper (asterism)

Milky Way

the Big Dipper (asterism)

meteoroid

real culprit

nuclear-powered satellite

interstellar gas

star in the sky on a spring night

extrasolar planet