Meanings

topsoil

pure land (esp. the Western Pure Land paradise of Amitabha)

whole nation

imperial domain

mud

earthenware

local specialty or souvenir bought as a gift while travelling

earth and stones

lump of earth

downpour

native

local customs

nature of the locality

mud wall

earthen walls (of fortification)

general (civil engineering and construction) contractor

embankment

burial

plot of land

loess